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334 Votes average Rating 6,4 / 10 country USA Runtime 117 Min Director Andrew Heckler. Download beast of burden. The burden of influenza on the United States can vary widely from season to season and is affected by a number of factors including the characteristics of circulating viruses, the timing of the season, population immunity to circulating viruses, how well influenza vaccines are working, and how many people have gotten vaccinated. While the impact of influenza varies from season to season, it places a substantial burden on the health of people in the United States each year. CDC uses a mathematical model to estimate the numbers of influenza illnesses, medical visits, hospitalizations, and deaths in the United States, ( 1-4) as well as, the impact of influenza vaccination on these numbers. The methods used to calculate the burden of influenza have been described previously ( 1-2). More recently, the same model was adopted to estimate influenza-associated deaths in the United States. This methodology has been used to retroactively calculate influenza burden, including deaths, going back to 2010. This page includes information on current and past methods for estimating the number of influenza illnesses, medical visits, influenza-associated hospitalizations, and influenza-associated deaths that occur in the U. S. during a given season. How CDC estimates Influenza-Associated Hospitalizations in the U. S. What methods are used to estimate the number of influenza-associated hospitalizations in the U. S.? Laboratory-confirmed influenza-associated hospitalization rates are obtained from the Influenza Hospitalization Surveillance Network (FluSurv-NET), a collaboration between CDC, the Emerging Infections Program Network, and selected state and local health departments in 13 geographically distributed areas in the United States that conduct population-based surveillance. The network includes hospitals that serve roughly 9% of the U. population. The reported numbers of hospitalizations are used to calculate hospitalization rates and the rates are adjusted to correct for under-detection of influenza. This adjustment is done by using the percent of persons hospitalized with respiratory illness who were tested for influenza and the average sensitivity of influenza tests used in the participating FluSurv-NET hospitals. The data on influenza testing can lag up to two years after the end of the season, so for more recent seasons, testing data from prior seasons is used ( 1). Adjusted rates are applied to the U. population by age group to estimate the total number of influenza-associated hospitalizations. How CDC estimates Influenza Illness in the U. S. What methods are used to estimate the number of influenza illnesses and medical visits in the U. S.? The numbers of influenza illnesses were estimated from hospitalizations based on how many illnesses there are for every hospitalization, which was measured previously ( 5). Some people with influenza will seek medical care, while others will not. CDC estimates the number of people who sought medical care for influenza using data from the 2010 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance Survey, which asked people whether they did or did not seek medical care for an influenza-like illness in the prior influenza season ( 6). How CDC estimates Influenza-Associated Deaths in the U. S. What methods are used to estimate the number of influenza-associated deaths in the U. S.? The methods to estimate the annual number of influenza-associated deaths have been described in detail elsewhere ( 1-2). The model uses a ratio of deaths-to-hospitalizations in order to estimate the total influenza-associated deaths from the estimated number of influenza-associated hospitalizations. We first look at how many in-hospital deaths were observed in FluSurv-NET. The in-hospital deaths are adjusted for under-detection of influenza using methods similar to those described above for hospitalizations using data on the frequency and sensitivity of influenza testing. Second, because not all deaths related to influenza occur in the hospital, we use death certificate data to estimate how likely deaths are to occur outside the hospital. We look at death certificates that have pneumonia or influenza causes (P&I), other respiratory and circulatory causes (R&C), or other non-respiratory, non-circulatory causes of death, because deaths related to influenza may not have influenza listed as a cause of death. We use information on the causes of death from FluSurv-NET to determine the mixture of P&I, R&C, and other coded deaths to include in our investigation of death certificate data. Finally, once we estimate the proportion of influenza-associated deaths that occurred outside of the hospital, we can estimate the deaths-to-hospitalization ratio. Data needed to estimate influenza-associated deaths may lag for up to two years after the season ends. When this is not yet available for the season being estimated, we adjust based on values observed in prior seasons (e. g., the 2010-2011 season through the 2016-2017 season) and update the estimates when more current data become available. Why doesn’t CDC base its seasonal flu mortality estimates only on death certificates that specifically list influenza? Seasonal influenza may lead to death from other causes, such as pneumonia, congestive heart failure, or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. It has been recognized for many years that influenza is underreported on death certificates. There may be several reasons for underreporting, including that patients aren’t always tested for seasonal influenza virus infection, particularly older adults who are at greatest risk of seasonal influenza complications and death. Even if a patient is tested for influenza, influenza virus infection may not be identified because the influenza virus is only detectable for a limited number of days after infection and many people don’t seek medical care in this interval. Additionally, some deaths – particularly among those 65 years and older – are associated with secondary complications of influenza (including bacterial pneumonias). For these and other reasons, modeling strategies are commonly used to estimate flu-associated deaths. Only counting deaths where influenza was recorded on a death certificate would be a gross underestimation of influenza’s true impact. Limitations of Influenza Burden Estimates These estimates are subject to several limitations. First, rates of influenza-associated hospitalizations are based on data reported to the Influenza Hospitalization Surveillance Network (FluSurv–NET) that are current as of the time estimates are made. Final case counts may differ slightly as further data cleaning is conducted by FluSurv–NET sites. The most updated crude rates of hospitalization for FluSurv-NET sites are available on FluView Interactive ( 8). Second, national rates of influenza-associated hospitalizations and in-hospital death are adjusted for the frequency of influenza testing and the sensitivity of influenza diagnostic assays, using a multiplier approach ( 3). However, data on testing practices during the current season may not be available at the time of estimation. In such cases, we adjust rates using data from prior seasons. Burden estimates from a given season will be updated at a later date when data on contemporary testing practices become available. Third, estimates of influenza-associated illness are made by multiplying the number of hospitalizations by the ratio of illnesses to hospitalizations; estimates of medical visits are made by a similar process. These multipliers are based on data from prior seasons, which may not be accurate if patterns of care-seeking have changed. Fourth, our estimate of influenza-associated deaths relies on information about location of death from death certificates. However, death certificate data for a given season may not be available at the time of estimation. When this occurs, we use death certification data from prior influenza seasons where these data are available from the National Center for Health Statistics. Specifically, our model uses the frequency of influenza-associated deaths that have cause of death related to pneumonia or influenza (P&I), other respiratory or cardiovascular (other R&C), or other non-respiratory, non-cardiovascular (non-R&C) to account for deaths occurring outside of a hospital by cause of death. If these frequencies are not available from a given season at the time of estimation, we use the average frequencies of each cause from previous seasons. Fifth, estimates of burden were derived from rates of influenza-associated hospitalization, which is a different approach than the statistical models used in older published reports. This makes it difficult to directly compare our estimates for seasons since 2009 to those older reports, though the estimates from our current method are largely consistent with estimates produced with statistical models for similar years ( 9-10). However, it is useful to keep in mind that direct comparisons to influenza disease burden decades ago are complicated by large differences in the age of the US population and the increasing number of adults aged ≥65 years. More information about how these estimates compare to other burden estimates and past studies can be found on CDC’s Frequently Asked Questions about Estimated Flu Burden. Figure 1: Illustration of Influenza Burden Estimates Model 508 Text Description of Image Starting on the left, there are two sequential boxes with arrows that lead to a pyramid. The left-most box is labelled “Reported rate of hospitalization”. There is an arrow leading right to the next box, which is labelled “Adjusted rate of hospitalization”, and over the arrow is a label “1. Correct for under-detection”. From the box, labelled “Adjusted rate of hospitalization”, is an arrow leading right to the middle of the pyramid, which is labelled “Hospitalized” and over the arrow is a label “2. Extrapolate to U. population”. In the pyramid, the base is labelled “Symptomatic Illness”, the middle section is labelled “Hospitalized”, and the top is labelled “Died”. On the right-side of the pyramid are arrows coming from the middle section, with one leading up to the top section, labelled “Died”, and another arrow leading down to the bottom section, labelled “Symptomatic Illness”. Next to the arrow leading up to “Died” is a label stating “3. Calculate deaths equals multiply by ratio deaths to hospitalizations”. On the arrow leading from the middle of the pyramid down to the base, which is labelled “Symptomatic Illnesses”, there is a label stating “4. Calculate illnesses equals multiply by ratio of cases to hospitalizations”. Reed C, Chaves SS, Daily Kirley P, Emerson R, Aragon D, Hancock EB, et al. Estimating influenza disease burden from population-based surveillance data in the United States. PLoS One. 2015;10(3):e0118369. Rolfes, MA, Foppa, IM, Garg, S, et al. Annual estimates of the burden of seasonal influenza in the United States: A tool for strengthening influenza surveillance and preparedness. Influenza Other Respi Viruses. 2018; 12: 132– 137. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Estimated influenza illnesses and hospitalizations averted by influenza vaccination – United States, 2012-13 influenza season. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2013 Dec 13;62(49):997-1000. Reed C, Kim IK, Singleton JA, Chaves SS, Flannery B, Finelli L, et al. Estimated influenza illnesses and hospitalizations averted by vaccination–United States, 2013-14 influenza season. 2014 Dec 12;63(49):1151-4. Reed C, Angulo FJ, Swerdlow DL, Lipsitch M, Meltzer MI, Jernigan DB, et al. Estimates of the Prevalence of Pandemic (H1N1) 2009, United States, April–July 2009. Emerg Infect Dis. 2009;15(12):2004-2007. external icon Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Estimated Influenza Illnesses and Hospitalizations Averted by Vaccination — United States, 2014–15 Influenza Season. 2015 December 10, 2015 [cited 2016 October 27]; Biggerstaff M, Jhung M, Kamimoto L, Balluz L, Finelli L. Self-reported influenza-like illness and receipt of influenza antiviral drugs during the 2009 pandemic, United States, 2009-2010. Am J Public Health. 2012 Oct;102(10):e21-6. Shrestha SS, Swerdlow DL, Borse RH, Prabhu VS, Finelli L, Atkins CY, et al. Estimating the Burden of 2009 Pandemic Influenza A (H1N1) in the United States (April 2009–April 2010). Clin Infect Dis. 2011;52(suppl_1):S75-S82. Thompson WW, Shay DK, Weintraub E, Brammer L, Cox N, Anderson LJ, et al. Mortality associated with influenza and respiratory syncytial virus in the United States. JAMA. 2003 Jan 8;289(2):179-86. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Flu Vaccination Coverage, United States, 2016-17 Influenza Season. September 28, 2017 [cited 2017 August 29]; Available from:.

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Taxation An aspect of fiscal policy Policies Government revenue Property tax equalization Tax revenue Non-tax revenue Tax law Tax bracket Tax threshold Exemption Credit Deduction Tax shift Tax cut Tax holiday Tax advantage Tax incentive Tax reform Tax harmonization Tax competition Double taxation Representation Unions Medical savings account Tax, tariff and trade Economics General Theory Price effect Excess burden Tax incidence Laffer curve Optimal tax Theory Optimal capital income taxation Distribution of Tax Tax rate Flat Progressive Regressive Proportional Collection Revenue service Revenue stamp Tax assessment Taxable income Tax lien Tax refund Tax shield Tax residence Tax preparation Tax investigation Tax shelter Private tax collection Tax farming Noncompliance General Tax avoidance Tax evasion Tax resistance Smuggling Black market Unreported employment Corporate Tax inversion Transfer mispricing Base erosion and profit shifting (BEPS) Double Irish Dutch Sandwich Single Malt CAIA/Green Jersey Locations Tax havens Corporate tax havens Offshore financial centres (OFCs) Offshore magic circle Conduit and Sink OFCs Financial centres Financial Secrecy Index Major examples Apple €13 billion fine Ireland as a tax haven Leprechaun economics Liechtenstein tax affair Luxembourg Leaks Offshore Leaks Paradise Papers Panama Papers Swiss Leaks United States as a tax haven Panama as a tax haven Types Direct Indirect Per unit Ad valorem In rem Capital gains Carbon Consumption Dividend Ecotax Excise Fuel Georgist Gift Gross receipts Income Inheritance (estate) Land value Payroll Pigovian Property Sales Sin Single Stamp Steering Turnover Value-added (VAT) Corporate profit Excess profits Windfall profits Negative (income) Wealth International Financial transaction tax Currency transaction tax European Union Common Consolidated Corporate Tax Base (CCCTB) Tobin tax Spahn tax Tax equalization Tax treaty Permanent establishment Transfer pricing European Union FTT Foreign revenue rule Trade Custom Duty Tariff Import Export Tariff war Free trade Free trade zone Trade agreement ATA Carnet Research Academic Mihir A. Desai Dhammika Dharmapala James R. Hines Jr. Ronen Palan Joel Slemrod Gabriel Zucman Advocacy groups Tax Justice Network (TJN) Institute on Taxation and Economic Policy (ITEP) Oxfam (UK) Tax Foundation (US) Tax Policy Center (US) Religious Church tax Eight per thousand Teind Tithe Fiscus Judaicus Leibzoll Temple tax Tolerance tax Jizya Kharaj Khums Nisab Zakat By country All Countries List of countries by tax rates Tax revenues as% of GDP Tax rates in Europe Individual Countries Albania Algeria Argentina Australia Azerbaijan Bangladesh Bhutan Brazil Bulgaria BVI Canada China Colombia Croatia Denmark Finland France Germany Greece Hong Kong Iceland India Indonesia Iran Ireland Israel Italy Japan Kazakhstan Lithuania Malta Morocco Namibia Netherlands New Zealand Norway Pakistan Palestine Peru Philippines Poland Portugal Russia Singapore South Africa Sri Lanka Sweden Switzerland Taiwan Tanzania United Kingdom United States Uruguay v t e In economics, the excess burden of taxation, also known as the deadweight cost or deadweight loss of taxation, is one of the economic losses that society suffers as the result of taxes or subsidies. Economic theory posits that distortions change the amount and type of economic behavior from that which would occur in a free market without the tax. Excess burdens can be measured using the average cost of funds or the marginal cost of funds ( MCF). Excess burdens were first discussed by Adam Smith. [1] An equivalent kind of inefficiency can also be caused by subsidies (which technically can be viewed as taxes with negative rates). [ citation needed] Economic losses due to taxes were evaluated to be as low as 2. 5 cents per dollar of revenue, and as high as 30 cents per dollar of revenue (on average), and even much higher at the margins. [2] Measures of the excess burden [ edit] The cost of a distortion is usually measured as the amount that would have to be paid to the people affected by its supply, the greater the excess burden. The second is the tax rate: as a general rule, the excess burden of a tax increases with the square of the tax rate. [ citation needed] The average cost of funds is the total cost of distortions divided by the total revenue collected by a government. In contrast, the marginal cost of funds (MCF) is the size of the distortion that accompanied the last unit of revenue raised (i. e. the rate of change of distortion with respect to revenue). In most cases, the MCF increases as the amount of tax collected increases. [ citation needed] The standard position in economics is that the costs in a cost-benefit analysis for any tax-funded project should be increased according to the marginal cost of funds, because that is close to the deadweight loss that will be experienced if the project is added to the budget, or to the deadweight loss removed if the project is removed from the budget. [ citation needed] Distortion and redistribution [ edit] In the case of progressive taxes, the distortionary effects of a tax may be accompanied by other benefits: the redistribution of dollars from wealthier people to poorer people who could possibly obtain more benefit from them - in effect reducing economic inequalities and improving GDP growth. [3] In fact almost any tax measure will distort the economy from the path or process that would have prevailed in its absence ( land value taxes are a notable exception together with other capital or wealth taxes). For example, a sales tax applied to all goods will tend to discourage consumption of all the taxed items, and an income tax will tend to discourage people from earning money in the category of income that is taxed (unless they can manage to avoid being taxed). Some people may move out of the work force (to avoid income tax); some may move into the cash or black economies (where incomes are not revealed to the tax authorities). [ citation needed] For example, in Western nations the incomes of the relatively affluent are taxed partly to provide the money used to assist the relatively poor. As a result of the taxes (and associated subsidies to the poor), incentives are changed for both groups. The relatively rich are discouraged from declaring income and from earning marginal (extra) income, because they know that any additional money that they earn and declare will be taxed at their highest marginal tax rates. [ citation needed] At the same time the poor have an incentive to conceal their own taxable income (and usually their assets) so as to increase the likelihood of their receiving state assistance ( welfare trap). It can be argued that the distortion of incentives (the move away from a fiscally neutral stance that does not affect incentives) does more harm than good. [ citation needed] There was an example of distortion of the economy by tax policy some years ago in the UK when cars supplied by employers to their employees were taxed at advantageous rates (e. g. encouraging the growth of company car fleets). Over several years the distortion grew to the point that the majority of cars used by working families were company cars and the dealership structures, and even the types of cars used, altered to adjust to the tax regime. [ citation needed] Deliberate distortion [ edit] Not all distortions are bad; Pigovian taxes create distortions that correct for externalities and therefore have a negative MCF. [ citation needed] Here, the fiscal distortion is deliberate, so as to compensate for externalities. " Sin taxes " are levied on products that incur additional costs to society, such as alcohol, tobacco and pollution. Ideally, these taxes raise the price to the exact level that the market would bear if the negative externalities were included in the price. Pigovian taxes are often preferable to outright prohibition, since prohibition incites trafficking, often resulting in crime and other social costs, but no revenue. [ citation needed] See also [ edit] Effect of taxes and subsidies on price Land value tax Lump-sum tax References [ edit] ^ "Adam Smith and Tax Burden Theory". Retrieved 6 Jun 2012. ^ See Martin Feldstein, Tax Avoidance and the Deadweight Loss of the Income Tax, 81(4), Review of Economics and Statistics (1999), at p. 674; Charles L. Ballard, John B. Shoven and John Whalley, The Welfare Cost of Distortions in the United States Tax System: A General Equilibrium Approach, National Bureau of Economic Research Working Paper No. 1043. For a review of literature arguing that moving to a uniform taxation of investment will lead to 0. 1% to 0. 3% increase in GNP, see Lawrence H. Summers, Should Tax Reform Level the Playing Field?, National Bureau of Economic Research Working Paper No. 2132, Cambridge, MA, January 1987. ^ Ostry Jonathan, Berg Andrew, Tsangarides Charalambos. “Redistribution, Inequality, and Growth”. Staff Discussion Notes No. 14/02, International Monetary Fund, February 2014 Bayer, R. C., & Sutter, M. (2009). The excess burden of tax evasion—An experimental detection–concealment contest. European Economic Review, 53 (5), 527-543. T. N. Srinivasan (1987). "distortions, " The New Palgrave: A Dictionary of Economics, v. 1, pp. 865–67. N. H. Stern (1987). "optimal taxation, " The New Palgrave: A Dictionary of Economics, v. 1, pp. 865–67.

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Download burden of truth. Download burdens are lifted at calvary. English [ edit] Etymology 1 [ edit] From Middle English burden, birden, burthen, birthen, byrthen, from Old English byrden, byrþen ( “ burden, load, weight; charge, duty ”), from Proto-Germanic *burþinjō ( “ burden ”), from Proto-Germanic *burþį̄ ( “ burden ”), from Proto-Indo-European *bʰer- ( “ to carry, bear ”). Cognate with Scots burthine ( “ burden ”), Middle Low German borden ( “ burden ”), Middle High German bürden ( “ burden, load ”). Related to Old English byrd ( “ burden ”), German Bürde ( “ burden, weight ”), Danish byrde ( “ burden ”), Swedish börde ( “ burden ”), Norwegian bør ( “ burden ”), Norwegian Bokmål byrde, Norwegian Bokmål bære ( “ to carry ”), Icelandic byrði ( “ burden ”). Alternative forms [ edit] burthen ( archaic) Pronunciation [ edit] ( Received Pronunciation) IPA ( key): /ˈbɜːdn/ ( General American) IPA ( key): /ˈbɝdn/ Rhymes: -ɜː(ɹ)dən Noun [ edit] burden ( plural burdens) A heavy load. 1898, J. Meade Falkner, Moonfleet Chapter 4 There were four or five men in the vault already, and I could hear more coming down the passage, and guessed from their heavy footsteps that they were carrying burdens. A responsibility, onus. A cause of worry; that which is grievous, wearisome, or oppressive. (Can we date this quote by Jonathan Swift and provide title, author's full name, and other details? ) Deaf, giddy, helpless, left alone, / To all my friends a burden grown. The capacity of a vessel, or the weight of cargo that she will carry. a ship of a hundred tons burden ( mining) The tops or heads of stream-work which lie over the stream of tin. ( metalworking) The proportion of ore and flux to fuel, in the charge of a blast furnace. (Can we find and add a quotation of Raymond to this entry? ) A fixed quantity of certain commodities. A burden of gad steel is 120 pounds. ( obsolete, rare) A birth. [ …] that bore thee at a burden two fair sons. ( medicine) The total amount of toxins, parasites, cancer cells, plaque or similar present in an organism. Derived terms [ edit] Translations [ edit] heavy load Arabic: حِمْل ‎ m ( ḥiml), عِبْء ‎ m ( ʿibʾ) Egyptian Arabic: حمل ‎ m ( ḥiml) Armenian: բեռ (hy) ( beṙ) Aromanian: sartsinã f, greatsã f, griutati f, furtii f, var Assamese: বোজা ( büza) Bulgarian: това́р (bg) m ( továr) Catalan: càrrega (ca) f, carga (ca) Chinese: Mandarin: 負荷 (zh), 负荷 (zh) ( fùhè) Czech: břemeno (cs) n, zatížení n, náklad (cs) m, zátěž f Danish: byrde c, læs n Dutch: last (nl) m Faroese: byrði f, byrða f, burður m Finnish: kuorma (fi), taakka (fi) French: charge (fr) f, fardeau (fr) m Galician: carga f German: Belastung (de) f, Last (de) f, Bürde (de) f Alemannic German: Burdi f Greek: Ancient: ἄχθος n ( ákhthos), φόρημα n ( phórēma) Hebrew: נטל ‎ (he) m ( net'el), עֹל ‎ (he) m ( 'ol) Hungarian: teher (hu) Icelandic: byrði (is) f, burður (is) m Irish: muirear m Italian: carico (it) m, fardello (it) Japanese: 積み荷 ( つみに, tsumini) Korean: 짐 (ko) ( jim), 바리 (ko) ( bari) Kurdish: berpirsiyarî (ku) f, bar (ku) m Sorani: بار گرانی ‎ ( bar granî) Latin: onus n, sarcina f Malay: beban Maori: wahanga, wahanga Norwegian: Bokmål: byrde m, belastning m or f Nynorsk: byrde f, belastning f Polish: ciężar (pl) m, brzemię (pl) n ( formally) Portuguese: carga (pt), fardo (pt) m Romanian: sarcină (ro) f, povară (ro) f Russian: но́ша (ru) f ( nóša), груз (ru) m ( gruz) Sanskrit: भार (sa) m ( bhāra) Serbo-Croatian: Cyrillic: бре̏ме n Roman: brȅme (sh) n Slovak: bremeno n Spanish: carga (es) Swahili: mzigo (sw) Swedish: börda (sv), belastning (sv) Tagalog: dinadalang mabigat Turkish: yük (tr) Westrobothnian: tȳnj f, tōng f, bȯhl f, kylt f responsibility, onus Aromanian: sartsinã f Belarusian: цяжа́р m ( cjažár), бярэ́мя n ( bjarémja) Bulgarian: бре́ме (bg) n ( bréme) Mandarin: 負擔 (zh), 负担 (zh) ( fùdān) Czech: břemeno (cs) n, břímě (cs) n Danish: belastning c, last (da) c, byrde c Faroese: burður m Finnish: vastuu (fi), riippa (fi) French: fardeau (fr) m German: Belastung (de) f, Last (de) f, Bürde (de) f, Verantwortung (de) f Icelandic: byrði (is) f Italian: responsabilità (it) f, onere (it) m Japanese: 負担 (ja) ( ふたん, futan) Korean: 짐 (ko) ( jim) Sorani: بار ‎ ( bar) Latin: onus n Macedonian: бреме n ( breme) Norwegian: ansvar (no) n Bokmål: byrde m Nynorsk: byrde f Old Church Slavonic: Cyrillic: брѣмѧ n ( brěmę) Polish: brzemię (pl) n Portuguese: responsabilidade (pt) f, obrigação (pt) Romanian: sarcină (ro) f, răspundere (ro) f Russian: бре́мя (ru) n ( brémja), тя́жесть (ru) f ( tjážestʹ), нагру́зка (ru) f ( nagrúzka) Slovene: breme (sl) n Spanish: carga (es) f, responsabilidad (es) f Swedish: plikt (sv) Turkish: zahmet (tr), yükümlülük (tr), sorumluluk (tr) Ukrainian: тяга́р m ( tjahár) The translations below need to be checked and inserted above into the appropriate translation tables, removing any numbers. Numbers do not necessarily match those in definitions. See instructions at Wiktionary:Entry layout#Translations. Translations to be checked Verb [ edit] burden ( third-person singular simple present burdens, present participle burdening, simple past and past participle burdened) ( transitive) To encumber with a literal or figurative burden. to burden a nation with taxes Bible, 2 Corinthians viii. 13 I mean not that other men be eased, and ye burdened. 1591, William Shakespeare, “ The Second Part of Henry the Sixt, [ …] ”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies: Published According to the True Originall Copies ( First Folio), London: Printed by Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, OCLC 606515358, [Act III, scene ii]: My burdened heart would break. ( transitive) To impose, as a load or burden; to lay or place as a burden (something heavy or objectionable). (Can we date this quote by Coleridge and provide title, author's full name, and other details? ) It is absurd to burden this act on Cromwell. burden basket burdensome beast of burden encumber Bulgarian: натоварвам (bg) ( natovarvam), обременявам (bg) ( obremenjavam) Dutch: bezwaren (nl), opgeschept zitten met Finnish: kuormata (fi) Galician: cangar (gl), cargar (gl) German: belasten (de), beladen (de), beschweren (de), aufbürden (de) Ancient: καταβαρύνω ( katabarúnō) Italian: gravare (it), appioppare (it), rifilare (it), oberare (it) Korean: (please verify) 짐 을 지우다 ( jimeul jiuda) Latin: gravō (la), dēgravō Maori: whakawaha Polish: obciążać (pl) impf, obarczać impf Portuguese: carregar (pt) Romanian: însărcina (ro), împovăra (ro), îngreuna (ro) Russian: обременя́ть (ru) impf ( obremenjátʹ), обремени́ть (ru) pf ( obremenítʹ), отягоща́ть (ru) impf ( otjagoščátʹ), отяготи́ть (ru) pf ( otjagotítʹ) Spanish: gravar (es) Swedish: belasta (sv) Etymology 2 [ edit] From Old French bordon. See bourdon. ( music) A phrase or theme that recurs at the end of each verse in a folk song or ballad. 1610, The Tempest, by Shakespeare, act 1 scene 2 Foot it featly here and there; / And, sweet sprites, the burden bear. 1846, Edgar Allan Poe, The Philosophy of Composition As commonly used, the refrain, or burden, not only is limited to lyric verse, but depends for its impression upon the force of monotone - both in sound and thought. The drone of a bagpipe. (Can we find and add a quotation of Ruddiman to this entry? ) Theme, core idea. the burden of the argument Anagrams [ edit] bunder, burned, unbred Middle English [ edit] From bord +‎ -en ( “ adjectival ending ”) Adjective [ edit] burden Alternative form of borden From burde +‎ -en ( “ plural ending ”) plural of burde West Frisian [ edit] plural of burd.

Download burdeos. Download burden of truth season 3x01. Download burden opeth. Download burdens are lifted at calvary mp3. Download burden of truth season 2. Download numerical analysis burden. Burden burdenworld download. Download burdens. 1 nomination. See more awards » Videos Photos Add Image Add an image Do you have any images for this title? Learn more More Like This Documentary 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 7. 4 / 10 X Literary icon Joan Didion reflects on her remarkable career and personal struggles in this intimate documentary directed by her nephew, Griffin Dunne. Director: Griffin Dunne Stars: Hilton Als, Tom Brokaw, Dick Cheney Filmmakers discuss how Francois Truffaut's 1966 book "Cinema According to Hitchcock" influenced their work. Kent Jones Wes Anderson, Peter Bogdanovich, David Fincher Short | Drama Thriller It's the year 2065, a man awakens in a room with no idea of how he got there. He must stay alive in order to save himself and his wife while trying to evade their captor who is hiding a deadly secret. Josh LaCount Branden Coles, Josh LaCount, Michelle Thomson Biography A documentary about how English actor Leon Vitali came to work as an assistant to American filmmaker Stanley Kubrick for over 30 years. Tony Zierra Leon Vitali, Ryan O'Neal, Brian Capron 8 / 10 This documentary chronicles the life of Polish-American artist Stanislav Szukalski (1893-1987) from his early years in Chicago, to his time in Poland and Los Angeles, and his artistic and political contributions to the world. Irek Dobrowolski Stanislav Szukalski, Glenn Bray, Robert Williams Crime 7. 2 / 10 From Executive Producer Jordan Peele, this four-part docuseries re-investigates the events of 1993, where Lorena Bobbitt sliced off her husband's penis after years of abuse. Lorena Bobbitt, John Wayne Bobbitt, Paul Ebert Carmen Herrera is one of the oldest working artists today. She was a pioneering abstract painter in the '40s and '50s, but only recently found the recognition that eluded her for most of her career, as she approaches her 100th birthday. Alison Klayman Carmen Herrera Romance 7 / 10 A story of violent love within a time frame spanning from 2001 to 2017. Zhangke Jia Tao Zhao, Fan Liao, Yi'nan Diao 6 / 10 When a museum celebrating the Ku Klux Klan opens in a South Carolina town, the idealistic Reverend Kennedy strives to keep the peace even as he urges the group's Grand Dragon to disavow his racist past. Andrew Heckler Andrea Riseborough, Garrett Hedlund, Forest Whitaker 7. 5 / 10 A film that excavates layers of myth and memory to find the elusive truth at the core of a family of storytellers. Sarah Polley Michael Polley, John Buchan, Mark Polley Artist and filmmaker David Lynch discusses his early life and the events that shaped his outlook on art and the creative process. Directors: Rick Barnes, Olivia Neergaard-Holm, and 1 more credit » David Lynch, Lula Lynch, Edwina Lynch A look at the short, mysterious life of blues legend, Robert Johnson, who was said to have made a deal with the Devil at a crossroads in rural Mississippi. Brian Oakes Robert Johnson, Terry Harmonica Bean, Rory Block Edit Storyline A probing portrait of Chris Burden, an artist who took creative expression to the limits and risked his life in the name of art. Plot Summary Add Synopsis Taglines: Beyond the limits. Out of the museum Details Release Date: 5 May 2017 (USA) See more » Also Known As: Chris Burden: Double Bind Box Office Opening Weekend USA: $3, 231, 7 May 2017 Cumulative Worldwide Gross: $20, 437 See more on IMDbPro » Company Credits Technical Specs See full technical specs » Did You Know? Connections References Newsies (1992) See more ».

I saw Burden at Sundance, and was captured with how poignant this film is. The tale is an incredible story- and has really effected me on many levels. Even though the story is 20 years old- the lesson is very timeless.